The last supper movie satire analysis Essay Example For Students

The last supper movie satire analysis Essay After having buried 10 conservationists , the students have a garden full of tomatoes proving that conservationists serve great as fertilizers(NOT) and since that in life they served no good to the society from the liberals point of view, in death they can. The students invite the guests with an already planned ending for all of them: death. They are in continuous disagreement with them in order to find something that they , n turn, see as wrong and reason the death of the guest , this taking some of the guilt off their shoulders and considering it a good gets for society . We will write a custom essay on The last supper movie satire analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now At the slightest counter-idea they hurry the dinner and get to the exciting part of it by using phrases such as: its time for dessert . Len the movie ,this is seen in the scene where the anti ecologist gradually considers their point of view as well and starts rethinking; confused of him agreeing to the libertarian point of view, and used to Just having their guests poisoned, the group of students does not break the Sunday ritual and assures the guest( by saying you are entitled to your own opinion) , who comes back to his conservationists point of view. This goes to the original argument :insignificance of life. As the movie progresses the students kill more and more people ;slowly not taking into consideration their status in society , Just their closed-minded ideas. The director stops introducing the guests by their names as they will eventually die;instead, continues by defining(l want to say it in a different way) them by their causes and slowly Just shows the piles of soil that were once their guests. The students decide a matter of life and death by either last questioning the guest : if you were in a bar with a guy called Doll Hitler , would you kill him to save all those lifes or would you let him live? Or its 4 to 1 . He lives. This again, shows the insignificance of life and how little they care for the others and their fate. RACISM (DISCRIMINATION AGAINST BLACKS ) From the very beginning ,Luke is the one who initiates the idea of having the deadly dinner ,even though his colleagues are reluctant. He is also the one to have suggested not to call the police ,and instead Just hide the murder . While he starts off as the most rational in critical situations, he becomes the most irrational ,cruel and quick-tempered ; he is also very sarcastic throughout the movie ( keep them in the kitchen barefoot and pregnant he says to a sex offender they have had as guest) . By the end of the movie he loses control and gets to the point where he is about to kill one of his own mends. THE LAST SUPPER (RELIGIOUS REFERENCE) In the movie, the 5 students are supposed to take the place of the apostles and the guests are Jesus, who is going to be sacrificed. The characters are also given names of apostles Dude,Pauline,Marc,Luke and Pete) The difference is , the roles are reversed, while the apostles are meant to spread the good word of Jesus to other people, they kill him. This could also mean that the students represent only two apostles :Judas(who betrayed Jesus) and Peter (who denies he knows him ) ;While Jesus is aware of his scarification , the guests arent . The guests are also served very good food as it will be their last meal . Unlike most movies where good always wins over bad in the end, The last supper ends by having Norman -(the very conservatism celebrity that is present in short scenes throughout the movie ,watched and critiqued by the students ) killing the 5 students with their own weapon and later describing himself as a humble ,humble servant in his presidential campaign. Why is it being satirized? ) I believe that the director is trying to say that both the right and left wing /wingers can become evil/ harmful when taken to the extreme :extreme conservationists ( the guests) and extreme liberalizes(the students) 2) Another problem I think the director meant to point out how easily people lose their lifes over different causes (like those mentioned in the movie: homosexuality , anti-ecologist, racism). This makes me wonder , Is it really worth it to die for it or to take a life? And When can you say it was right for you to d ecide that someones existence isnt important to the society anymore ? . This argument can be evidenced by history itself. Situations where people have died and been killed because their opinions or way of being did not correspond to the majority are many, hence Stalins saying : If you are not with us , you are against us. Another example is the time of The inquisition (an example Ewing Galileo Gillies scientifically proven idea that the earth revolves around the sun did not correspond to the original statement . N order to avoid imprisonment , he was forced to deny his statement. ) 3) Throughout history , blacks have always been seen as the bad guys with bad intentions . Len the movie , they have chosen the head of the plan ,a black , meaning to make fun of the concept and the stereotyping . 4) Good doesnt always win in the end , especially in the real world is what the directors expressed through their last scene . Corrupted people become the leaders of our countries. Is it effec tive? .ud896fa27935ae2061f70ab40ec194d40 , .ud896fa27935ae2061f70ab40ec194d40 .postImageUrl , .ud896fa27935ae2061f70ab40ec194d40 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud896fa27935ae2061f70ab40ec194d40 , .ud896fa27935ae2061f70ab40ec194d40:hover , .ud896fa27935ae2061f70ab40ec194d40:visited , .ud896fa27935ae2061f70ab40ec194d40:active { border:0!important; } .ud896fa27935ae2061f70ab40ec194d40 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud896fa27935ae2061f70ab40ec194d40 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud896fa27935ae2061f70ab40ec194d40:active , .ud896fa27935ae2061f70ab40ec194d40:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud896fa27935ae2061f70ab40ec194d40 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud896fa27935ae2061f70ab40ec194d40 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud896fa27935ae2061f70ab40ec194d40 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud896fa27935ae2061f70ab40ec194d40 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud896fa27935ae2061f70ab40ec194d40:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud896fa27935ae2061f70ab40ec194d40 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud896fa27935ae2061f70ab40ec194d40 .ud896fa27935ae2061f70ab40ec194d40-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud896fa27935ae2061f70ab40ec194d40:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Twelfth Night - Analysis of Malvolio in Act three, Scene four EssayIn my opinion, The last supper is a good movie, with a well-planned plot that is rather a continuous sarcastic response to certain topics such as : discrimination, the unnecessary deaths of people and intolerance. This film made me question my own tolerance of different views; it also made me think of how ,as a libertarian myself do I change the world without imposing my own views. Some minus points , from my perspective, are the repetitive scenes in the dining room of the guests and the students and the rushed through scenes that take place in the middle of the movie.

Culture of FearWhy Barry Glassners Book Matters

Culture of FearWhy Barry Glassner's Book Matters The unsettling news of the disappearance of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 was still lingering when another Malaysia Airlines flight was destroyed by a surface-to-air missile over the eastern Ukraine in July  2014. Later that year, an Indonesia AirAsia flight crashed into the ocean, killing all on board. Less than a year later, 150 people were murdered when a pilot intentionally crashed a Germanwings jet into the French Alps. With sensational news stories like these circulating in our media, its no wonder that the dangers of air travel are on the minds of many. Seated on a plane as its engines rev for takeoff, one cant help but think about the possibility of disaster. But truth be told, the risk of flight is actually quite small. The risk of being involved in a crash that results in deaths is just 1 in 3.4 million, and the risk of being killed in a crash a slim 1 in 4.7 million. In other words, you have a 0.0000002 percent chance of dying in a plane crash (this according to data compiled by PlaneCrashInfo.com, covering the years 1993-2012). By comparison, one has a far greater risk of dying in a car crash, while playing American football, canoeing, jogging, cycling, or attending a dance party.  Really. Glassners Culture of Fear Thesis Explains Our Misplaced Concerns So, why do we fear the wildly unlikely while many realistic threats go unnoticed? Sociologist Barry Glassner wrote a book about this very question  and found that by focusing our fear on non-threats, we actually fail to see the very real threats to our health, safety, rights, and economic well-being that ever-present throughout our societies. More than anything, Glassner argues  in The Culture of Fear  that it is our  perception  of the danger of things like crime and plane crashes that has grown, not the actual threats themselves. In fact, in both instances, the risks these pose to us have declined over time, and are lower today than they were in the past. Through a series of compelling case studies, Glassner illustrates how the profit-model of journalism compels media to focus on unusual events, especially bloody ones. As a consequence,  Atypical tragedies grab our attention while widespread problems go unaddressed. Often, as he documents, politicians and heads of corporations fuel these trends, as they stand to benefit politically and economically from them. The costs to us and to society can be great, as Glassner writes,  Emotional reactions to rare but disturbing events also lead to expensive and ineffective public policy. An example of this phenomenon is Jessicas Law, which requires all sex offenders in the state of California, even if they had only offended once as a juvenile, to see a psychologist before being paroled (previously this happened only if they had offended twice). As a result, in 2007 no more offenders were directed to psychiatric help than had been previously, but the state spent $24 million in just one year on this process. News Media Fails to Adequately Cover Real Threats By focusing on unlikely but sensational threats, news media fail to cover actual threats, and thus they tend not to register in public consciousness. Glassner points out the exceptional media coverage that surrounds the kidnapping of toddlers (primarily those who are white), when the widespread  systemic problems of poverty and underfunded, inadequate education, which affect vast numbers of children in our society, go largely ignored. This happens because, as Glassner observes, dangerous trends that have been around for a long time are unappealing to the media they are not new and, so, not considered newsworthy. Despite this, the threats they pose are great. Getting back to plane crashes, Glassner points out that while news media are honest with readers about the low risk of flight, they sensationalize that risk nonetheless, and make it seem much greater than it is. By focusing on this non-story, they divert resources from covering important issues and real threats that deserve our attention and action. In todays world we would be better served by reporting- especially by local news sources- on threats like that to our well-being posed by economic inequality, which is at its highest in nearly a century; the forces that conspire to produce an increasing number of mass-shootings; and the many and varied  threats posed by systemic racism to what will soon be the majority of the U.S. population.

The Real World of Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 3

The Real World of Management - Essay Example the direction of using specific analytical and evaluative methodological tools which can help to identify, promote and evaluate the quality of learning procedures inside organizations. (Easterby-Smith and Araujo 1999). The coming out of the idea of the ‘learning organization’ is covered with that possibly by defining contribution provides a theoretical framework connecting the know-how of living in a circumstance where there is increased change with the consequent need for learning. Loss of the stable state means that our society and all of its institutions are always encountering transformation. We cannot look forward to new constant states that will last for our own lifetimes. We must therefore learn to appreciate, direct, manipulate and manage these changes. We not only have to be in a position to be capable to change our institutions, in relation to the emerging changing situations in the collaborating organization; but must also be in a position to invent and develop institutions which are capable of bringing about their own continuing transformation. (Schon 1973) Efficiency and healthy competition are, by far and wide a function of knowledge generation and processing information about the market, firms and territories are prearranged in networks of production, management and distribution, the core economic activities are global that is, they are capable to work as a unit in real time, or given time, on a environmental scale. (Castells 2001) The Learning Company is a vision of what might be possible. It is not arrived at by simply training individuals; this only happens as a result of learning at the whole organization structure. A Learning organization facilitates the training of all its members and continuously transforming itself. (Pedler et. al. 1991) The international disintegration of production in global value chains, driven by technological progress, cost, access to resources and markets, and trade policy reforms, challenges the way we look

AMERICAN THEATER HISTORY Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

AMERICAN THEATER HISTORY - Assignment Example Most importantly, Flanagan ensured that the Federal Theater Project established different units in different states and cities. This paper will discuss the role played by the Federal Theater Project, especially in its series of plays titled Living Newspapers. Moreover, the paper highlighted the significance of the Federal Theater Project to the understanding of American theater in the 1930s. The Federal Theater Project represented efforts by the Federal government to establish an organized presentation and production of theater Wax and events. It served as one of the projects established by President Roosevelt’s administration to provide Americans with jobs. Worth noting is the fact that Americans had experienced the great depression in the 1920s, a factor that saw the collapse of the economic system with many people losing their jobs. For this reason, the Federal Theater Project was established under the Wax Progress Administration as a strategy of providing artists with jobs. The Federal Theater Project sought to bring together actors, playwrights, designers, stage managers, directors, and other artists so that they would count in the public relief roles (About the Federal Theatre Project, 2011). Additionally, the Federal Theater Project sought to present the people with artistic works that would strengthen community life. Worth noting is the fact that the Fede ral Theater Project served its role of providing employment to the people because it hired more than 12,000 artists. In her years of experience, Flanagan had acquired expertise in a unique theater form titled the Living Newspaper. The Living Newspaper theater form made use of common people as significant characters in different plays. The plays introduced existing social and political problems and highlighted potential solutions to the problems (Klein, 2013). The

Communication With Colleagues At Work English Language Essay

Communication With Colleagues At Work English Language Essay Every day at work we have to communicate with colleagues.  Well, if people are nice, then communication has friendly character.  Unfortunately, this it is not always true.  Sometimes, one man can create tensions to the whole team, not only spoil the mood, but also to bring up such unpleasant consequences, such as dismissal.  But such people are sometimes enough to learn to communicate properly, and most of the problems will disappear by themselves. The first unpleasant character is a gossip.  As a rule, these people exude friendliness that initially influences positioning.  But if you submit to this provocation, and tell us about something personal, no later than tomorrow, all your secrets will become public.  A friend shared with colleagues his dream: I want to accumulate some money and buy a car.  Two days later, when the entire department received bonuses, his bonus was much smaller than the amount of the rest.  On the timid questions addressed to the magistrate: Why it happened there wasnt any criticism of my work? Boss was hinted that this employee has a lot of money; because he is going to buy a car.  So, before you speak frankly with the person, look at this issue more closely. Another very unpleasant type of people are brawlers.  They cannot live peacefully, so as constantly need some enemy, even if it is fictional.  Such people are poisoned by the existence of relatives at home and at work colleagues.  A quarrel or explanation of the relationship is not needed.  It is enough to have one hint, even a look and youre waiting for the next flash of anger.  Talking to such people is useless.  The best way is to ignore them completely, but not for the effect, otherwise it will be another cause for scandal.  If suddenly there appears a brawler and has attention on you, at the outset of the conflict it would be better to pretend that suddenly remembered a very important matter, apologize and leave. Returning 15 minutes later, youll probably see that the brawler is calm and even forgot that he wanted to clarify relations with you.  If this method fails, you can try to show such a colleague involved.  Usually, its discouraging such people, and they once and for all leave you alone, as they used to feel like winners, and the role of victim does not suit them. According to Peter Clarke (2005), the main purpose of communication between people is to reach mutual understanding. But its not easy to do.  Why do some people with us communicate easily, and others difficult?  Why with someone we get along, but with someone all the time we quarrel?  Clearly, much easier is to establish relationships with the person with whom there is so-called common ground.   In the art of communication, it is very important to be able to listen and understand someone with whom you speak.  Explaining the people of your intentions and ideas from which you start at the same time, you will be able to prevent many misunderstandings, quarrels and conflicts.  Honesty in a conversation with someone it is often the only way out of conflict.  But the truth must speak out not to humiliate the interlocutor, but rather to elevate his own in his own eyes and to clarify your position. What hinders and what facilitates communication?  Causes of misunderstanding between people can be different: political, religious beliefs, worldview, and psychological characteristics.  However, the main reason lies in the inability to hear each other.  The most important part of communication is listening skills.  If a person listens attentively to his companion, then he is brought up, delves into the problem of the speaker and the like help him properly formulate their t houghts.  Communication is a complex process; it is influenced by various factors: mood; set of circumstances; the nature of man; his sociability; conversely; shyness.  Depending on the type of communication, formal or informal, it is necessary to choose the right demeanor, tone, gestures, words and expressions. According to Carole Hodges (2009), informal communication is communication at home, with parents and friends, formal at work, while studying, with unfamiliar people.  In conversation, we often assume what interferes with understanding.  This is the usage of offensive words and phrases, offensive nicknames, unnecessary cuts.  Attention signs facilitate interpersonal relationships and can soothe and have a lasting impact.  Hello, thank you, please, sorry    these are the simple words have power over our moods.  It is important that they are always present in communication between people at work, in public places. So what is the culture of communication?  If a person is competent to express his thoughts, then he is able to behave with respect for the other party, we say that this man owns a culture of communication. There are rules, implementation of which helps to establish good relations with people: Communication on equal terms, without being coarse and subservience. Respect for the personal opinion of the interlocutor; Lack of desire to find out who is right and who is to blame; Community-level requests, not orders; Search for compromise solutions; The ability to appreciate the decision of another; Ability to accept the experience of others. If a person does not know how to join in the conversation, you should choose any interesting topic for conversation and the time when the person to whom addressed, not occupied any work.  Always remember that the other person is not like you, and we must be able to see things through his eyes, especially in conflict situations.  Respect for the individual is impossible without respect for his point of view, even if it does not converge with yours.  Cultivation ones respect for the people can only be if you learn to see each person individually, that is, those traits that are unique to him. According to Harriet Meyerson (2005), each of us is worthy of respect.  Respecting the other, you respect yourself. Psychologists give good advice, which is: do not forget about the interests of your contact.  Your lively and sincere interest in doing what he is interested in, because he will have animation and enthusiasm. There are some important rules of open and honest conversation with inconvenient companion to be aware of both adults and adolescents: use the word I.  Since the phrase with the words: From my point of view or The way I see it , you are relaxed in conversation and show the other party that there was only my point of view, no claim to ultimate truth.  Thus you will recognize the right to have your own opinion.  Surely, you will listen to people a lot calmer and more attentively. Also, trying to show the other person that his conduct is in the first place. In order to create conditions under which an adult would want to change your behavior, you must try to explain how much they lose in life because of his own behavior. There is a possibility also to ask the other person to change behavior.  It can be explained to him exactly what he can do in this situation in order to fix it.  It is possible that, because you do not want to offend him, it will be quite difficult to tell hi m the truth.  But remember: silent, you can cause him harm. Of course, someone can say that such way of building relationships is too long, but it takes much less time, energy and emotions than the communication of action-reaction, because such talk does not give any result.  Most often, honesty is the best policy in dealing with people.  Its amazing how often we are beginning to communicate with the cunning strategies and tactics while forgetting to try at first just to speak openly.  Honest dialogue is the most effective, simple and reliable means for turning conflict into cooperation. Now I would like to elaborate on the concept of informal communication. Each of us has his own experience of friendship at work.  Although the prospects for such relationships many consider skeptical.  And no wonder!  Informal communication between colleagues suggests a greater openness, the ability to strike a balance between personal and work, the adoption of the inevitable differences in the credentials and prospects (the difference in salary levels of access to information, the rate to move up the career ladder).  Hard tests for the friendship What do you do?  Without claiming to be comprehensive, lets try to answer this eternal question. We must admit that informal communication is an important mechanism that contributes to the relationship between people in any group.  Formally, we will call the communication that takes place in accordance with rules, regulations and instructions, existing in your organization or its subdivision and subject to address the specific challenges facing you. Informal communication this is your kind of relationship with another person, based on mutual acceptance of personal qualities and virtues, which implies a certain level of understanding, harmony, psychological closeness.  It is in these respects satisfies the need for self-realization within the framework of this work, respect and acceptance. According to Stephen Rampur (2010), informal relationships exist on two levels of psychological closeness: the primary and rational. Primary level represents already the impression with the first contact (long acquaintance is not required, a feeling that you know a person a hundred years).  It is characterized by high spontaneity of emotional perception, unawareness and little amenable to volitional regulation.  Rational level is based on an understanding of the similarities attitudes, values, norms and life experiences.  It occurs at a certain stage of relations with the man, understood and controlled by us. It is believed, that a relationships based on shared values and interests are more stable at work rather than relationships based on likes and dislikes.  If you look closely at your existing team of informal relations, they are likely to be secured in one of five forms of interaction: Couple represents the two people that are mutually sympathetic to each other.  Often, one of them is a supplement or companion of another. Triangle shows three people sympathizing with each other, and make up his small, yet very close core group. Square can be formed as a collection of pairs, the relationship between them does not necessarily have the same intensity. Chain is a linear relationship between several people, which under certain conditions can become a source of rumors. Star is based on one leader opinion, to whom are approached several members of the team. Each of these forms of informal communication in one way or another arises in any workplace with a specific purpose namely, the best adaptation to its internal rules and laws of existence. According to Jeanne Segal (2007), in every company, as in any formal group, there are informal relations, which largely determine the climate and the internal atmosphere in the team. Thus, friendships at work and at its end, cooperation and mutual help shape a healthy psychological climate in the company and provide a basis for the development of each member organization and collective as a whole. Psychologists believe that friendship is very good for business if the business grows out of shared interests.  There is no matter how closely you communicate with people on a personal level, formal relations are sensitive, which cannot be discounted.  There is always a risk that one of the friends will show himself as a traitor.  Elucidation of relationships, mutual resentment and claims become the property of the whole team. As a result, suffers a general matter, and friendship.  But the forecast could be optimistic, if a working friendship follows the main rule to clearly separate personal and business interests. That is why, if you are not sure whether that will be able to muster the necessary tact, and comply with the above restrictions, it is better not to take risks and work with friends  in different companies. Taking into consideration mentioned above, I would like to make a conclusion. To be in harmony with yourself and the people around you, you need to create an atmosphere of mutual understanding at work, to build up contacts. Often we get tired, cant avoid conflict situations.  Everybody has many reasons to spoil relations with colleagues. We cannot avoid difficulties at work, because difficult, controversial issues will always exist.  But we can learn the ability to keep ourselves in hand, to live in harmony with people close to us. What is the basis of art communication and what methods to use? First of all, try to relate friendly to everybody; try to create an atmosphere of comfort among friends and colleagues. Do not transfer your home problems to your colleagues.  If you feel stress, or fatigue, use relaxation techniques. Endurance helps to behave you correctly in a conflict situation.  In general, avoid emotional showdown, do not engage in protracted disputes.  But if a conflict occurs, try not to develop it calmly and analyze what can be done to normalize the situation.  Be prepared to compromise for the sake of good relations. In communicating with colleagues, try to be genuinely interested in their affairs, to help when needed.  Listen more than talk.  Limit the desire to condemn anyone who made a mistake.  If you have to solve a complex issue in the service or at home, do not transfer responsibility to others, to develop the habit of self-confident action. Continuing to study the literature on how to work on them, improve their psychological stability.  Perhaps this knowledge will help you choose the right course of action, and will contribute to a pleasant chat with colleagues.

Discipline and Punish: a Critical Review Essay

Overview The main ideas of Discipline and Punish can be grouped according to its four parts: torture, punishment, discipline and prison. Torture Foucault begins by contrasting two forms of penalty: the violent and chaotic public torture of Robert-Franà §ois Damiens, who was convicted of attempted regicide in the mid-18th century, and the highly regimented daily schedule for inmates from an early 19th century prison (Mettray). These examples provide a picture of just how profound the changes in western penal systems were after less than a century. Foucault wants the reader to consider what led to these changes. How did western culture shift so radically? He believes that the question of the nature of these changes is best asked by assuming that they weren’t used to create a more humanitarian penal system, nor to more exactly punish or rehabilitate, but as part of a continuing trajectory of subjection. Foucault wants to tie scientific knowledge and technological development to the development of the prison to prove this point. He defines a â€Å"micro-physics† of power, which is constituted by a power that is str ategic and tactical rather than acquired, preserved or possessed. He explains that power and knowledge imply one another, as opposed to the common belief that knowledge exists independently of power relations (knowledge is always contextualized in a framework which makes it intelligible, so the humanizing discourse of psychiatry is an expression of the tactics of oppression).[2] That is, the ground of the game of power isn’t won by ‘liberation’, because liberation already exists as a facet of subjection. â€Å"The man described for us, whom we are invited to free, is already in himself the effect of a subjection much more profound than himself.†[3] The problem for Foucault is in some sense a theoretical modelling which posits a soul, an identity (the use of soul being fortunate since ‘identity’ or ‘name’ would not properly express the method of subjection—e.g., if mere materiality were used as a way of tracking individuals then the method of punishment would not have switched from torture to psychiatry) which allows a whole materiality of prison to develop. In What is an Author? Foucault also deals with notion of identity, and its use as a method of control, regulation, and tracking. He begins by examining public torture and execution. He argues that the public spectacle of torture and execution was a theatrical forum the original intentions of which eventually produced several unintended consequences. Foucault stresses the exactitude with which torture is carried out, and describes an extensive legal framework in which it operates to achieve specific purposes. Foucault describes public torture as ceremony. The intended purposes were: * To make the secret public (according to Foucault the investigation was kept entirely secret even from the accused). The secret of the investigation and the conclusion of the magistrates was justified by the publicity of the torture. * To show the effect of investigation on confession. (According to Foucault torture could occur during the investigation, because partial proofs meant partial guilt. If the torture failed to elicit a confession then the investigation was stopped and innocence assumed. A confession legitimized the investigation and any torture that occurred.) * Reflecting the violence of the original crime onto the convict’s body for all to see, in order for it to be manifested then annulled by reciprocating the violence of the crime on the criminal. * Enacting the revenge upon the convict’s body, which the sovereign seeks for having been injured by the crime. Foucault argues that the law was considered an extension of the sovereign’s body, and so the revenge must take the form of harming the convict’s body. â€Å"It [torture] assured the articulation of the written on the oral, the secret on the public, the procedure of investigation on the operation of the confession; it made it possible to reproduce the crime on the visible body of the criminal; in the same horror, the crime had to be manifested and annulled. It also made the body of the condemned man the place where the vengeance of the sovereign was applied, the anchoring point for a manifestation of power, an opportunity of affirming the dissymmetry of forces.†[4] Foucault looks at public torture as the outcome â€Å"of a certain mechanism of power† that views crime in a military schema. Crime and rebellion are akin to a declaration of war. The sovereign was not concerned with demonstrating the ground for the enforcement of its laws, but of identifying enemies and attacking them, the power of which was renewed by the ritual of investigation and the ceremony of public torture.[5] Some unintended consequences were: * Providing a forum for the convict’s body to become a focus of sympathy and admiration. * Redistributing blame: the executioner rather than the convict becomes the locus of shame. * Creating a site of conflict between the masses and the sovereign at the convict’s body. Foucault notes that public executions often led to riots in support of the prisoner. Frustration for the inefficiency of this economy of power could be directed towards and coalesce around the site of torture and execution. Public torture and execution was a method the sovereign deployed to express his or her power, and it did so through the ritual of investigation and the ceremony of execution—the reality and horror of which was supposed to express the omnipotence of the sovereign but actually revealed that the sovereign’s power depended on the participation of the people. Torture was made public in order to create fear in the people, and to force them to participate in the method of control by agreeing with its verdicts. But problems arose in cases in which the people through their actions disagreed with the sovereign, by heroizing the victim (admiring the courage in facing death) or in moving to physically free the criminal or to redistribute the effects of the strategically deployed power. Thus, he argues, the public execution was ultimately an ineffective use of the body, qualified as non-economical. As well, it was applied non-uniformly and haphazardly. Hence, its political cost was too high. It was the antithesis of the more modern concerns of the state: order and generalization. So it had to be reformed to allow for greater stability of property for the bourgeoisie. Punishment The switch to prison was not immediate. There was a more graded change, though it ran its course rapidly. Prison was preceded by a different form of public spectacle. The theater of public torture gave way to public chain gangs. Punishment became â€Å"gentle†, though not for humanitarian reasons, Foucault suggests. He argues that reformists were unhappy with the unpredictable, unevenly distributed nature of the violence the sovereign would inflict on the convict. The sovereign’s right to punish was so disproportionate that it was ineffective and uncontrolled. Reformists felt the power to punish and judge should become more evenly distributed, the state’s power must be a form of public power. This, according to Foucault, was of more concern to reformists than humanitarian arguments. Out of this movement towards generalized punishment, a thousand â€Å"mini-theatres† of punishment would have been created wherein the convicts’ bodies would have been put on display in a more ubiquitous, controlled, and effective spectacle. Prisoners would have been forced to do work that reflected their crime, thus repaying society for their infractions. This would have allowed the public to see the convicts’ bodies enacting their punishment, and thus to reflect on the crime. But these experiments lasted less than twenty years. Foucault argues that this theory of â€Å"gentle† punishment represented the first step away from the excessive force of the sovereign, and towards more generalized and controlled means of punishment. But he suggests that the shift towards prison that followed was the result of a new â€Å"technology† and ontology for the body being developed in the 18th century, the â€Å"technology† of discipline, and the ontology of â€Å"man as machine.† Discipline The emergence of prison as the form of punishment for every crime grew out of the development of discipline in the 18th and 19th centuries, according to Foucault. He looks at the development of highly refined forms of discipline, of discipline concerned with the smallest and most precise aspects of a person’s body. Discipline, he suggests, developed a new economy and politics for bodies. Modern institutions required that bodies must be individuated according to their tasks, as well as for training, observation, and control. Therefore, he argues, discipline created a whole new form of individuality for bodies, which enabled them to perform their duty within the new forms of economic, political, and military organizations emerging in the modern age and continuing to today. The individuality that discipline constructs (for the bodies it controls) has four characteristics, namely it makes individuality which is: * Cellular—determining the spatial distribution of the bodies * Organic—ensuring that the activities required of the bodies are â€Å"natural† for them * Genetic—controlling the evolution over time of the activities of the bodies * Combinatory—allowing for the combination of the force of many bodies into a single massive force Foucault suggests this individuality can be implemented in systems that are officially egalitarian, but use discipline to construct non-egalitarian power relations: Historically, the process by which the bourgeoisie became in the course of the eighteenth century the politically dominant class was masked by the establishment of an explicit, coded and formally egalitarian juridical framework, made possible by the organization of a parliamentary, representative regime. But the development and generalization of disciplinary mechanisms constituted the other, dark side of these processes. The general juridical form that guaranteed a system of rights that were egalitarian in principle was supported by these tiny, everyday, physical mechanisms, by all those systems of micro-power that are essentially non-egalitarian and asymmetrical that we call the disciplines. (222) Foucault’s argument is that discipline creates â€Å"docile bodies†, ideal for the new economics, politics and warfare of the modern industrial age – bodies that function in factories, ordered military regiments, and school classrooms. But, to construct docile bodies the disciplinary institutions must be able to (a) constantly observe and record the bodies they control and (b) ensure the internalization of the disciplinary individuality within the bodies being controlled. That is, discipline must come about without excessive force through careful observation, and molding of the bodies into the correct form through this observation. This requires a particular form of institution, exemplified, Foucault argues, by Jeremy Bentham’s Panopticon. This architectural model, though it was never adopted by architects according to Bentham’s exact blueprint, becomes an important conceptualization of power relations for prison reformers of the 19th Century, and i ts general principle is a recurring theme in modern prison construction. The Panopticon was the ultimate realization of a modern disciplinary institution. It allowed for constant observation characterized by an â€Å"unequal gaze†; the constant possibility of observation. Perhaps the most important feature of the panopticon was that it was specifically designed so that the prisoner could never be sure whether they were being observed at any moment. The unequal gaze caused the internalization of disciplinary individuality, and the docile body required of its inmates. This means one is less likely to break rules or laws if they believe they are being watched, even if they are not. Thus, prisons, and specifically those that follow the model of the Panopticon, provide the ideal form of modern punishment. Foucault argues that this is why the generalized, â€Å"gentle† punishment of public work gangs gave way to the prison. It was the ideal modernization of punishment, so its eventual dominance was natural. Having laid out the emergence of the prison as the dominant form of punishment, Foucault devotes the rest of the book to examining its precise form and function in our society, laying bare the reasons for its continued use, and questioning the assumed results of its use. Prison In examining the construction of the prison as the central means of criminal punishment, Foucault builds a case for the idea that prison became part of a larger â€Å"carceral system† that has become an all-encompassing sovereign institution in modern society. Prison is one part of a vast network, including schools, military institutions, hospitals, and factories, which build a panoptic society for its members. This system creates â€Å"disciplinary careers†[6] for those locked within its corridors. It is operated under the scientific authority ofmedicine, psychology, and criminology. Moreover, it operates according to principles that ensure that it â€Å"cannot fail to produce delinquents.†[7] Delinquency, indeed, is produced when social petty crime (such as taking wood from the lord’s lands) is no longer tolerated, creating a class of specialized â€Å"delinquents† acting as the police’s proxy in surveillance of society. The structures Foucault chooses to use as his starting positions help highlight his conclusions. In particular, his choice as a perfect prison of the penal institution at Mettray helps personify the carceral system. Within it is included the Prison, the School, the Church, and the work-house (industry) – all of which feature heavily in his argument. The prisons at Neufchatel, Mettray, and Mettray Netherlandswere perfect examples for Foucault, because they, even in their original state, began to show the traits Foucault was searching for. They showed the body of knowledge being developed about the prisoners, the creation of the ‘delinquent’ class, and the disciplinary careers emerging. Criticism Theoretical arguments in favor of rejecting the Foucauldian model of Panopticism may be considered under five general headings: 1) Displacement of the Panoptical ideal by mechanisms of seduction, 2) Redundancy of the Panoptical impulse brought about by the evident durability of the self-surveillance functions which partly constitute the normal, socialized, ‘Western’ subject, 3) Reduction in the number of occasions of any conceivable need for Panoptical surveillance on account of simulation, prediction and action before the fact, 4) Supplementation of the Panopticon by the Synopticon, 5) Failure of Panoptical control to produce reliably docile subjects.[9] The first point concerns Zygmunt Bauman’s argument that the leading principle of social order has moved from Panopticism to seduction. This argument is elaborated in his 1998 essay ‘On postmodern uses of sex’.[10] The second argument concerns surveillance redundance, and it is increasingly relevant in the age of Facebook and online self-disclosure. Is the metaphor of a panopticon appropriate for voluntary surrender of privacy? The third argument for post-Panopticism, concerning action before the fact, is articulated by William Bogard: The figure of the Panopticon is already haunted by a parallel figure of simulation. Surveillance, we are told, is discreet, unobtrusive, camouflaged, unverifiable – all elements of artifice designed into an architectural arrangement of spaces to produce real effects of discipline. Eventually this will lead, by its means of perfection, to the elimination of the Panopticon itself . . . surveillance as its own simulation. Now it is no longer a matter of the speed at which information is gained to defeat an enemy. . . . Now, one can simulate a space of control, project an indefinite number of courses of action, train for each possibility, and react immediately with pre-programmed responses to the actual course of events . . . with simulation, sight and foresight, actual and virtual begin to merge. . . . Increasingly the technological enlargement of the field of perceptual control, the erasure of distance in the speed of electronic information has pushed surveillance beyond the very limits of speed toward the purest forms of anticipation.[11] This kind of anticipation is particularly evident in emergent surveillance technologies such as social network analysis. The ‘Synopticon’ concerns the surveillance of the few by the many.[12] Examples of this kind of surveillance may include the theatre, the Coliseum, and celebrity tabloid reporting. This â€Å"reversal of the Panoptical polarity may have become so marked that it finally deconstructs the Panoptical metaphor altogether†.[9] Finally, the fifth point concerns the self-defeating nature of Panoptical regimes. The failure of surveillance states is illustrated by examples such as â€Å"prison riots, asylum sub-cultures, ego survival in Gulag or concentration camp, [and] retribalization in the Balkans.†[9] In their 2007 article, Dobson and Fisher[13] lay out an alternative model of post-panopticism as they identify three panoptic models. Panopticism I refers to Jeremy Bentham’s original conceptualization of the panopticon, and is it the model of panopticism that Foucault responds to in Discipline and Punish. Panopticism II refers to an Orwellian ‘Big Bro ther’ ideal of surveillance. Panopticism III, the final model of panopticism, refers to the high-technology human tracking systems that are emergent in this 21st century. These geographical information systems (GIS) include technologies such as cellphone GPS, RFIDs (radio-frequency identification tags), and geo-fences. Panopticism III is also distinguished by its costs: Panopticon III is affordable, effective, and available to anyone who wants to use it. Initial purchase prices and monthly service fees are equivalent to cell-phone costs. In less than five years, the cost of continuous surveillance of a single individual has dropped from several hundred thousand dollars per year to less than $500 per year. Surveillance formerly justified solely for national security and high-stakes commerce is readily available to track a spouse, child, parent, employee, neighbor, or stranger.

Analysis of Scenes of Atonement Film

Atonement- Analysis of Scenes The scene starts with a long shot of the three characters walking on a path in the reeds towards the camera. The reason a long shot is used is to establish the setting of the characters. It cuts in to a close up of Robbie to show his emotion as he realises they have made it to the sea. It cuts to an medium high angle aerial long shot as the characters are running through the reeds to show the true desperation of the men. While they are running the music playing is low like being played on an organ and picks up pass to build up the tension of the scene.It tracks their movement as they run and cuts into a close u p of Robbie’s shoe then zooms out and moves up at the same time up over Robbie’s head to an extreme long shot of the beach of Dunkirk. The reason an extreme long shot was used was in order for the viewers to really be able to see the whole of the beach, to capture the essence of the War by all the devastation of the beach by seeing i t all. A reverse shot reverse is used between the men and the beach, firstly it is a close up of Robbie’s face to be able to portray the emotion of disappointment in Robbie’s face.The camera then cuts to its continues tracking shot using a handheld steadicam for the duration of 5 minutes. It starts with the camera tracking a medium shot at eye level of the men talking as they walk towards the camera. the captain is tall and walks with precision to show his authority. The camera continues to track the men in a long shot as they walk along the beach, certain objects obscure the view of the men walking as the camera tracks behind things like burning cars which is included in the mise-en-scene as it shows the viewers the true devastation of the scene.Robbie is walking with purpose and determination and the camera follows Robbie to shows his purpose. There is no music just the rattling of the on goings of the soldiers and the soldiers shouting, the sounds of horses are hear d and gun shots. As the horses are being shot in a long shot view with Robbie walking away from them music starts playing to heighten the emotion of the scene. The camera tracks Robbie as he moves through the scene, the camera follows some flying papers in the air into a low angle shot of the broken sails of a ship with a man on top shouting ‘Laddie, I’m coming home! which shows contrast of his hope despite his hopeless situation, it also gives a sense of madness. The camera tracks down into a close up of Robbie to show his emotion through his facial expression. The beach is filled with broken debris and men going about all sorts of things, one man is seen doing exercises on a beam and contrasts with other men getting in a fight or stumbling around drunk. A Ferris wheel is seen in the background surrounded by smoke and devastation, it looks as if it’s almost a dead carnival and the Ferris wheel is a to show the true nature of the devastation of the war.Children a re seen sitting down next to some toys, they are placed sitting down to convey the defeat and hopelessness in their situation. The music begins to swell and men are heard singing as the camera tracks them and moves into a close up as it goes round seeing their faces as they sing, gives a feeling of hope within them. The camera tracks back into a close up of Robbie showing defeated, uncomfortable expression on his face which contrasts as the camera tracks around a group of men shouting and jeering as they are going on a merry-go-round.The camera tracks back as Robbie and the two men walk towards the camera in a medium shot as they walk through the beach, showing all the doings of different men on the beach. The camera tracks the men walking up some stairs as the music heightens, the camera turns to show the beach as it tracks behind men. It shows the devastation the beach has suffered due the terrible war, it tracks behind the men to include them into the shot as they are a part of t he war.The camera tracks along exposing the beach and music is at a very low tempo to compliment the feeling of the shot as well as the men singing are heard as well as the â€Å"Laddie, I’m coming home! † BRIONY IN THE HOSPITAL The scene starts with a long shot of a corridor lighted down the middle, the type writing sound is heard. The music picks up as a group of nurses in a long shot walk down the corridor towards the camera. The music and typewriter is the same as the scene Briony had as a little girl and so the music in combination with the rhythmic typewriting has become her signature soundtrack.The camera pans in a close up shot of the nurses shoes as they walk passed, the shot of their shoes shows the determination of them as they walk. The camera tracks the nurses as they walk into a room with the patients beds, it goes into a close up of the head nurse as she addresses the other girls, the close up shows the seriousness in her expression as she talks. A shot reverse shot is used as the head nurse addresses them. The other nurses are dismissed walking away in two lines showing precision eaving Briony standing alone in the middle of the shot and the music heightens as the camera zooms into a medium shot of her showing a worried, lonely expression on her face. the hospital seems to suit her character as everything is in order and is just so, everything is white, perfect and orderly which goes well with her character. The camera cuts to a shot reverse shot of Briony and the head nurse as she addresses Briony, Briony is positioned in a very upright position to show her character.The camera cuts to a close up shot of Briony in the window to portray her unhappy emotion, the camera zooms out into a long shot of Briony walking down a corridor, the shot has low key lighting as it gives an almost eerie feeling. A radio is heard in the background recounting the developments of the war as well as her signature sound of a typewriter is heard as she w alks, she walks very rigid but not with the same determination as in the previous scene with her as a girl as if ‘there is no Briony anymore. ’ The camera pans a shot of the nurses room, all doing girly things as they get ready for bed.Lights are switched off and the sound of the typewriting is heard once again and the camera cuts to a medium shot of Briony sitting down writing in the dark, one of her fellow nurses walks in and Briony jumps up guiltily as if she’s doing something wrong when she gets a fright from the noise. A medium shot reverse shot is used as a conversation between the two are going on. Briony’s hand slaps down on the page to show she’s anxious about anybody seeing her work. A high angle close up shot of her hand on the page is shown and once her hand is removed the viewers see the title of what she’s writing â€Å"Two Figures by a Fountain. A slow swelling of music is heard as they speak about the book and a close up of t he two faces is shown to portray the friends eagerness to know about the story and Briony’s worried expression on her face. Briony confesses what it’s about in a close up shot to show her pain as she thinks about what she has done, it shows her growth as a character as she is finally acknowledging and understanding what she has done. There is a half shadow on her face which is a technique the director has used to portray secrets as she is only telling a half truth.There is a long shot used to show the two girls laughing and this is the first time Briony is seen laughing as she is feeling exhilarated. Music picks up as the camera cuts to a shot of Briony sitting at a desk writing a letter to Cecelia, as she is writing there is a voice over telling us what she has contained in her letter. The camera cuts to a series of shots of her cleaning as the voice over of the letter is being read, the cleaning is symbolic for cleansing oneself as she is trying to cleanse herself fo r to terrible thing she did.She is trying to atone for what she has done and that is seen through the shots. For example there is a close up shot of her vigorously scrubbing her hands which is symbolic for her desperation to cleanse herself within. The camera cuts to a medium shot of the two girls talking as they pack stuff away in the store room , the camera cuts to a close up shot of Briony to show her expression as she is reminiscing about her crush. A bell rings and the camera tracks the nurses as they run through the corridor, music starts to swell to add tension to the scene.The camera tracks the girls as they run through a group of soldiers outside, men are heard shouting and it adds to the sense of chaos. There is a medium shot of Briony carry a badly injured man inside, a medium shot is used to show the determination on her face. The camera cuts to different shots of nurses tending to injured men and what Briony is doing, the continues change of shot and the use of the hand held camera really adds and emphasizes the chaos of it all as well as the use of the handheld camera making it feel more real. It cuts to a shot of Briony having blood on her hands which is very symbolic.Men and those being carried are rushing passed her as she stands looking around, Robbie is seen in the middle and it quickly cuts to a close up of Briony to show her reaction to seeing him, music swells to add to the climax of her going towards Robbie but the music drops when it’s not him. Briony is seen inside again tending to injured men, there are close ups and medium shots of the terribly injured men to add to the devastation of the war. In the shots Briony is seen as very composed and determined in contrast to some others who are crying.